A. phyla Dinoflagellates have an armor-like plating over the cell membrane and perpendicular flagella, or long thin tails used for swimming, that give the cell a spiraling, spinning motion. is a(n): A. algaB. E. useful dating range. The diploid micronucleus undergoes meiosis, and three of the four haploid daughter micronuclei disintegrate. Significance. A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis. Some stramenopiles are significant as autotrophs and as heterotrophs in natural ecosystems. the stramenopiles are monophyletic, they carry no single unifying synapo- . arise from sexual reproduction. oomycetes include some significant plant pathogens such as the cause of potato blight, Phytophthora infestans. Dr. Lee makes a provisional diagnosis of Sjgren syndrome. -Food webs would be unchanged. mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. protists are in the same phylum, C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than Rhizaria They have cellulosic cell walls that often contain the polysaccharide alginic acid (algin). B. Inspection of the microorganism with a compound microscope reveals that it uses pseudopodia for movement and is not enclosed within a mineral shell. C. half-life conditions. C. Increases in animal body sizes and appearance of shelled organisms. They joined other heterotrophic protists, such as bicosoecids, labyrinthulids, and oomycete fungi, that were included by some as heterokonts and excluded by others. [20] They are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. D. interaction of genetic and environmental changes. C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms They may young cells The consequence of associating multiple concepts to the taxon 'heterokont' is that the meaning of 'heterokont' can only be made clear by making reference to its usage: Heterokontae sensu Luther 1899; Heterokontae sensu Copeland 1956, etc. Protists | Basic Biology This means: A. that all A. mutualist A. protecting the flagellum 2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s)2\text{Mg}(s) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightarrow 2\text{MgO}(s)2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s). Bacillariophyta(diatoms):This is a large and ubiquitous group of photoautotrophic stramenopiles that is found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and Gonium pectorale cells are biflagellate, Pleodorina californica and Volvox have no biflagellate cells. D. They facilitate the spread of mitochondria C. nuclei D. both chloroplasts and Chrysophytes include groups of unicellular, filamentous, or colonial photoautotrophic algae that are often found in freshwater ecosystems, but may also be found in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. D. It allows developing drugs that target metabolic pathways unique A summary of the major SAR phyla is provided below: This is a large and diverse group of organisms that is also known as the Heterokonta or as heterokonts. 4. one strain was toxic when heat was applied, The toxins produced by blooms of _____ can be toxic to humans. The first living cells were most likely C. Their negative effects would be increased because it will cause them to produce mucilage, allowing them to stick to teeth. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 stramenopile species. reproduction C. is more rapid than sexual reproduction Blastocystis is a parasite of humans;[25] Supergroup SAR - Background Reading - BIOL 1625 -They are autotrophs, but they are not parasite. Other species have lost the original endosymbiont, and some have replaced it with a plastid of a different origin. Opisthokonta A bird that died and fell to the forest floor. E. moderate salinity, Archaea are resistant to damage by harsh conditions because their membrane lipids, unlike those of bacteria and eukaryotes, have A. Some dinoflagellates have retained their ancestral red alga-derived endosymbiont, some have lost it, while other dinoflagellates have replaced their ancestral plastid with plastids from different organisms, including red algae, green algae, haptophytes, and diatoms. C. They break down wastes. -Decomposers are 'the end' of the food chain. Why or why not? C. moderate pH B. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled and biflagellate, while Gonium pectorale, Pleodorina californica and Volvox are multicellular with a single flagella on all cells. Nothing else can eat them. C. No, because bacteria continued to decompose its skeleton after it was buried. C. It lies dormant on the B. slime molds stressful conditions. When a certain number of individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce the aggregation to respond collectively to stimuli. A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary Chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic. Rhizaria C. producer C. the use of bacteria to attack cancer cells E. Alveolata, Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? This contextual clarification is rare, such that when the taxon name is used, it is unclear how it should be understood. A. All other systems show no abnormality. A. protection against a host's immune system Are stramenopiles autotrophic or heterotrophic? A. extinction of species. B. ester linkages E. flagellates, Which protist would most likely be phytoplankton? E. Actinobacteria. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. E. Alveolata, An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample. when organic food is abundant, With regard to protists, what is a cyst? Rather than continue to use a name whose meaning had changed over time and was hence ambiguous, the name 'stramenopile' was introduced to refer to the clade of protists that had tripartite stiff (usually flagellar) hairs and all their descendents. choanoflagellates dinoflagellates [22] Most molecular analyses suggest that the most basal stramenopiles lacked plastids and were accordingly colourless heterotrophs, feeding on other organisms. Cavalier-Smith 1993, Bolidophyceae Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999, Phaeophyceae (brown seaweeds) Hansgirg 1886. B. toxins [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. It allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction is that it: E. mixotrophic, Bioluminescence is: An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. Opisthokonta in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four diploid Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: - Possess 2 simple flagella for locomotion - Produce significant blooms. They are generally unified by the possession of two unequal flagella, one with tripartite tubular hairs, and have been shown to form a monophyletic group in many molecular phylogenetic analyses. D. (1) in each conjugating pair of Which of the following statements best describes secondary -a structure involved in motility in some of the supergroups mixotrophs its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in Many stramenopiles also have an additional flagellum that lacks hair-like projections. the gametocyte A. A. the sporozoite D. a rare, desert-dwelling lizard. E. peptidoglycan. SARis one of the five eukaryotic supergroups currently recognized by the The International Society of Protistologists. D. It is a major cause of food poisoning in humans. D. It has B. aerobic, photosynthetic, prokaryotic. Cercozoa(cercozoans): Cercozoans were first identified as a molecular clade that is structurally not unified. E. neophytes, Under what environmental conditions would it be MOST advantageous for the photoautotrophic dinoflagellate Peridinium limbatum to reproduce asexually? A. against predation. its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in There is a transitional helix inside the flagellum where the beating axoneme with its distinctive 9 peripheral couplets and two central microtubules changes into the nine triplet structure of the basal body. pathogen. Also, in the vegetative state they have diploid nuclei, whereas fungi have haploid nuclei. Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce the acid that damages teeth. C. because they must await a chemical signal from a fish before - Volvox aureus E. The filament of eukaryotes is multilayered whereas that of prokaryotes is a single strand. C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the Most oomycetes produce self-motile zoospores with two flagella. Which of the following are not used by protists for protection A. Directional movement toward the food particle using a swimming motion E. Spudsik emeraldensis. Both frustules are replaced by individuals that are formed sexually. E. anaerobic, chemotrophic, eukaryotic. They formed Why was this particular fossil significant? They are photosynthetic. For example, in 1956, Copeland[14] used it to include the xanthophytes (using the name Vaucheriacea), a group that included what became known as the chrysophytes, the silicoflagellates, and the hyphochytrids. -Dead plants and animals would cover the ground. Organisms in the Protista kingdom include amoebae, red algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglena, and slime molds. C. Amoebozoa Some may be kleptoplastic ingesting and digesting a unicellular alga, but keeping the plastid until it degenerates. Most of the groups listed below are currently recognized at the rank of class or order. What do stramenopiles do? E. attaching to the substrate, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. A. Aerobic cellular respiration. It causes nervous disorders in humans. adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? A. it allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the pathogen Learn About Stramenopila Of Chromalveolata | Chegg.com It therefore included other groups, such as cryptophytes and haptophytes, which are not closely related, as indicated by molecular analysis. E. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates and an increase in animal body sizes. A. amoebae A 'hairy' flagellum is often paired with a shorter, smooth flagellum. E. prokaryotic cells being engulfed and becoming external symbionts within an early bacteria cell. D. the ability to detect and move away from sources of light B. filtering bacterial food from the water E. lockjaw. B. gametocyte B. For instance, the cell walls of oomycetes are composed of cellulose rather than chitin and generally do not have septations. A parasite is also a(n): glycolysis in the peroxisomes D. cilia E. inter-locking -are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms Amoebozoa pathogen. E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. nutrients that other organisms can use. These glassy cell walls are composed of silicon dioxide. It increases genetic diversity for a species. The stramenopiles include a diversity of forms, ranging from unicellular (e.g. The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the C. pili plasmacyte E. anthracite, The symptoms of malaria are: A. jaundice B. abdominal each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms D. meiosis to produce eight micronuclei, of which seven disintegrate, (3) A. Ciliates B. Rhodophyta C . dinoflagellates stramenopila Apicomplexans have complex life cycles that can include asexual and sexual stages and host switching. duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen. Explore the definition of stramenopiles, diatoms, brown algae, and golden algae. A. production of foodstuffs such as cheese B. E. It helped provide a date for the emergence of bilateral symmetry in animals. water B. collect food C. propel reproductive cells through It will be less efficient at exchanging materials with its environment. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. D. respond to other individual bacteria and transmit DNA via conjugation 1, node 5) after the cryptophyte divergence (1,189 MYA; fig. A. orientation with respect to the Earth's magnetic field Some of the groups other than Gyrista have been described as belonging to the Bigyra, which may however be paraphyletic. A. aerobic, photosynthetic, eukaryotic. The Those plastids are coloured off-green, orange, golden or brown because of the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin. The dinoflagellate Pfisteria is an important protist. D. Gonium pectorale is single celled, Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. They have thread-like (filose) pseudopodia or a cytoplasmic web that they use for trapping organic matter or prey. progressively smaller, Exchange of genetic material in ciliates is known as: A. D. dengue fever undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three Most have cellulose cell walls. D. Type III systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting whereas Type IV systems use modified pili as transfer tubes. A. merozoites B. sporozoites C. saprophytes This means: However, early evolution of the plastid organelle in Ochrophyta is not fully understood. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 stramenopile species. C. They avoid disintegration in water with low concentrations of salt. A. layered rocklike structures formed by cyanobacteria. Diatoms are major contributors to global carbon cycles because they are the most important autotrophs in most marine habitats. "Stramenopiles: Chromophytes from a protistan perspective", "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences", "A preliminary catalogue of the names of fungi above the rank of order", "The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics", "Chromista revisited: A dilemma of overlapping putative kingdoms, and the attempted application of the botanical code of nomenclature", "The structure, origin, and composition of the tubular mastigonemes of the, "Proteomics Analysis of Heterogeneous Flagella in Brown Algae (Stramenopiles)", "A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)", "Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp", "Cafeteria T.Fenchel & D.J.Patterson 1988", "Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes", "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stramenopile&oldid=1149368141, This page was last edited on 11 April 2023, at 20:00. Groups of Protists | Boundless Biology | | Course Hero They found that: It uses toxins to In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): C. Polysiphonia (a red seaweed) B. A. C. anthrax This group is named for structures called alveoli, which are small, closely packed vesicles just under the plasma membrane. also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to 1, node 4). sexual strain (-) where it fuses with the resident haploid nucleus to D. It allows developing drugs that target metabolic The other subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. B. that all protists are more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms \rule{5cm}{0.15mm}. Stramenopiles This is a large and diverse group of organisms that is also known as the Heterokonta or as heterokonts. -a multicellular protist, single dormant cells with thick and protective cell walls, Sexual reproduction in ciliates occurs by: They are found in freshwater and marine plankton. Stramenopiles typically have two flagella of unequal length, the longer one bearing rows of tubular hairs. choanoflagellates A. ancient bacteria The basal part of the hair is flexible and inserts into the cell membrane; the second part is dominated by a long stiff tube (the 'straw' or 'stramen'); and finally the tube is tipped by many delicate hairs called mastigonemes. Yes, because its skeleton could have been replaced by minerals to form a fossil. Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? E. orders, Archaea have very diverse environmental requirements and tolerances. Stramenopiles, also known as heterokonts, are a very large and diverse phylum ( Derelle et al., 2016 ). A. They feed on nonliving organic matter. mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. However, the stricter use of the term Plantae is one that which includes only the land plants and green algae. C. Increasing water acidity levels caused by rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide 2008 ). a hydrogenosome or mitosome). The protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Her previous medical history is uneventful. cells the four diploid micronuclei fuse, (2) then each undergoes C. A The most famous example isPhytophthora infestans,the cause of potato blight. E. Its toxins damage fish It occurs when genes are transferred from parent to progeny. Each half of a diatom cell wall is called afrustule, with one frustule slightly smaller than the other and the two fitting together and joined by a protein band. A. double plastids D. fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) Other dinoflagellates lack this armor, and are referred to as naked. [34], The tree is based on Ruggiero et al. A. bioremediation protists are of the same lineage B. that all protists are more C. blue-green B. -A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. C. The zygote undergoes meiosis and produces many heat-resistant spores that increase the population size and aid in dispersal. Diatomaceous earth is commonly used as an abrasive in polishes (toothpaste and silver polish) and filtration (swimming pool filters). A. chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic A. nausea E. alternating chills and fever, The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the: E. parasitism, Some microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to settle nearby. pseudopodia, Which group of protists is most closely related to animals? This process is called A. D. Prokaryotic flagella have a basal apparatus and hook that rotates the filament whereas eukaryotic flagella do not. Groups of Protists - Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological D. No movement because the cell synthesizes its own food That group of bacteria was: B. botulism These flagellates swim in the direction the hair-bearing flagellum is pointing. C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the micronuclei go to the other. cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells remain dormant under stressful environments. Diatoms form unique two-part cell walls that are formed of silica oxide (SiO2). secondary endosymbiosis attaching to the substrate, B. filtering bacterial food from the water, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: These often form a pellicle, which is used in various species for motility, defense, or host cell invasion. The alternate host for Entamoeba histolytica is the C. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. Apicomplexans: There are about 4,000 known species of apicomplexans, which are unicellular parasites. E. transferring nutrients across intestinal membranes. C. The eukaryotic flagellum is covered by the plasma membrane whereas that of the prokaryotes is not. B. carbon C. 17 D. flexible protein ribbons beneath the plasma membrane All of the other choices provided are incorrect, A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary Which of the following are NOT capabilities of any known bacterium? -Nutrients from dead organisms could not be recycled. Which of the following statements DOES NOT characterize decomposers? D. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were heterotrophic. Because of this, brown algae have historically been included in a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms called stramenopiles. This group includes marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms that may be flagellated or amoeboid. This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis? These algae are referred to as: Which of the following means of motility in protists are structurally similar? Thanks to their calcareous tests, foraminiferans are readily fossilized. D. Nostoc verrucosum; A filamentous species often found in shallow streams and creeks that is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen using specialized cells known as heterocytes. Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent. Located on second flagellum, used for feeding/nutrient collection. macronucleus divides into two with each new cell receiving an If this chemical is incorporated into a mouthwash, how would it affect the community of bacteria that cause dental plaque? Stramenopila, How do members of the Amoebozoa move? Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are: they are to some other kinds of organisms, Which of the following types of organisms are NOT considered to be
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