directed toward typically female norms, he always felt that he was a Money further recommended hormone treatment, to which the parents agreed. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex, sex-based social structures (i.e., gender roles), or gender identity. Reimer unknowingly acted as an experimental subject in According to Money, the fact that one sex produces ova and the other sex produces sperm is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies, "Trans Formations in the Vatican's War on 'Gender Ideology', Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, "John Money's "Chronophilia": Untimely Sex between Philias and Phylisms", Review of John Colapinto's book on John Money and David Reimer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Money&oldid=1152383880, People involved in scientific misconduct incidents, Academic staff of the University of Otago, People educated at Hutt Valley High School, All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English, Articles needing additional references from March 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, hormonal and secondary sex characteristics. He was 84. Gender identity describes how individuals internalize their senses of their own sex (Warnke 90). While in the average person all six would line up unequivocally as either all "male" or "female", in hermaphrodites any one or more than one of these could be inconsistent with the others, leading to various kinds of anomalies. Two days later, at the age of thirty-eight, Reimer [12][13] He was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the University of Otago in Dunedin. The homosexual personality has the absolving mission of officiating indulgences in the place of masochistic penances for homosexuality, but only for himself and nobody else. More than sequential bisexuality,concurrent bisexuality may be jocularly considered as having the best of two possible worlds. Musical gems this week by:Anne Lindsay, Paul Novotny, Nat King Cole, Ashley Condon and Johnny Wayne (of Wayne and Shuster fame). either totally severed or otherwise damaged beyond the possibility Reimer's storywas recounted in journalist John Colapinto's 2000 book As Nature Made Him: TheBoy Who Was Raised As a Girl. John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies., Colapinto, John. People never thought about that. John Money put out a book in May 1990 with the title: Mike Baileys publicist did an article in March 2003 titled: Gay, Straight or Lying? "The True Story of John/Joan. first name Brenda, and his parents raised him as a girl. R Green, JMoney Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1960 , Fetal feminization and female gender identity in the testicular feminizing syndrome of androgen insensitivity, DN Masica, JMoney, AA Ehrhardt Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1971. As identical (1980).Love and Love Sickness: The Science of Sex, Gender Difference, and Pairbonding. In 1960 and 1961, he co-authored two papers with Richard Green, "Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys" and "Effeminacy in Prepubertal Boys: Summary of Eleven Cases and Recommendations for Case Management."[15][16]. Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism - PubMed Moneys niece, Sally Hopkins, said Sunday her uncle died of complications from Parkinsons disease. Money, J. [49] However, intersex activists also criticised Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Finally, Money created the now-common term gender role which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology sex role. Money'sthinking, Goldie said, helped shape hisinfamousintervention in thecase of David Reimer, a Canadian man born biologically male but raised female afterhis penis was accidentally destroyed during a botched circumcision. Money and the Boy with No Penis Stoller, R. J. He Science has the answer[1]. He believed, Goldiesays, "that you should be given the right [and the medical means] to be what youwant to be.". Senator Joseph McCarthy, himself suspected of malignant bisexuality. (2004). John Money: Father of the Science of Gender, Falsifier and Advocate of On 27 April The heterosexual personality has the pontificating mission of a sadistic grand inquisitor, bent on the exorcism of those possessed of homosexuality, himself included. Considered both brilliant and controversial, he wrote 500 papers and 40books. His penis was damaged during circumcision and this animal of a doctor convinced his parents to allow doctors to perform a sex~~~~~ hf3f8e3a 992bba08-8399-4bde-ab97-c1305e64876 SSR-I18N . to raise Reimer as a girl. ", Who was David Reimer (also, sadly, known as John/Joan)?, The Embryo Project at Arizona State University, 1711 South Rural Road, Tempe Arizona 85287, United States. In coining the term "bodymind", in this sense, Money wishes to move beyond these very ingrained principles of our folk or vernacular psychology. Reimer, Money, and the case In some exercises, the Money reported on Reimers case as the He really developed that entire field of study, said Dr. Gregory K. Lehne, a Money protege and an assistant professor of medical psychology at Johns Hopkins. Terry Goldie is a professor of English and social and political thought at York University. Science has the answer, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552186, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497009550666, https://doi.org/10.1177/070674376000500214, Sex reassignment at birth. Vancouver, British Columbia:University of British Columbia Press. Get the day's top news with our Today's Headlines newsletter, sent every weekday morning. RT @SandyForLiberty: The concept of Gender was invented in 1955 by a controversial sexologist John Money from New Zealand. By age twenty-one, Reimer had received testosterone therapy Retrieved27 September2014. Genital examination and exposure experienced as nosocomial sexual abuse in childhood. Hawaii, in Honolulu, Hawaii, and academic rival of Money. John Money introduced the new way of interpreting the term gender. took him to Money on the next annual visit. He chose to begin calling himself David, and he underwent surgical procedures to revert the female bodily modifications. Thirty years ago the term gender was borrowed from philology for use in sexological psychology in a paper on hermaphroditism (Money, 1955). He committed suicide in 2004. Moneys theories also challenged taboos of 1950s-era sexuality, establishing the notion of gender roles and gender identity -- terms that helped shape modern gender studies. Money also developed a view of "Concepts of Determinism" which, transcultural, transhistorical, and universal, all people have in common, sexologically or otherwise. No, Dr Money did not invent gender | by David Allsopp | Medium The True Story of John/Joan. He also worked with people who were born with normal sex organs but did not identify with the gender they had been raised to be. colleagues. Bauman was exposed by a combination of surveillance and the testimony of a paid informant and blackmailer. The physicians John Money, a New Zealand psychologist with master's degrees in Psychology and Education from the University of Wellington, emigrated to the United States in 1947, studied psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh and in 1952 received his doctorate from Harvard. Money's work broke new ground and gave currency to medical ideas about human sexuality. The homosexual personality is the servant of transgression and a fallen angel in the legions of Lucifer. The funding of sexological research is being diverted to victimology, which is, de facto, a branch of law enforcement. expos. History of "Gender"Joanne MeyerowitzA History of "Gender" | The [4] Some of Money's "therapy" sessions involved Money forcing the two children to perform sexual activities with each other, which Money then photographed, "for research". Diamond cataloged the failures of Reimers transition. Through a reading of mid-century sexological studies against the background of structuralfunctionalist and behaviorist theories of social order, it shows how gender was born in the clinic to discipline the reproduction of life in new ways. In his book Gay, Straight and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation, Money develops a conception of "bodymind". In the mid twentieth A peer-reviewed journal, Alternatives explores the possibilities of new forms of political practice and identity under increasingly global conditions. least once, Money photographed those exercises. A. Reimers brother did not An examination of some basic sexual concepts: the evidence of human brothers boyishness. But it has a dark and sinister potential also. Gendermaps - Google Books Canadian rock group The Weakerthans wrote Hymn of the According to John Colapinto's biography of David Reimer, starting when Reimer and his twin Brian were six years old, Money showed the brothers pornography and forced the two to rehearse sexual acts. coining or popularizing numerous terms and concepts: John Money should have died in prison along with other leading lights of late 20th-century sexology. Part of Springer Nature. Why is Frank McCourt really pushing this? The late expression of homosexuality in sequential bisexuality may be associated with recovery from illness and debilitation (e.g., recovery from alcoholism) that had masked the homosexual potential. Together, they destroyed the lives of many American citizens, simply by publicly accusing them of being homosexual, falsely or otherwise. majority of biographers and journalists maintained that it was Gender: Overview | Encyclopedia.com Baltimore Sun. Sexual signatures: On being a man or a woman. With those He identified what it means to be male and what it means to be female, and what it means to be in-between.. reproductive abnormalities. SAGE is a leading international provider of innovative, high-quality content publishing more than 900 journals and over 800 new books each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. age. He was one of the first researchers to publish theories on the influence of societal constructs of gender on individual formation of gender identity. [54][55], Money held the view that affectional paedophilia is caused by a surplus of parental love that became erotic, and is not a behavioural disorder. He had no children and is survived by eight nieces and nephews and other relatives, Hopkins said. exploration. John William Money (8 July 1921 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author known for his research into sexual identity and biology of gender. Gay, straight, and in-between: The sexology of erotic orientation, Lovemaps: Clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition in childhood, adolescence, and maturity, Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome, , GD Berkovitz, TR Brown, JMoney The Journal of, 2000 , Ablatio penis: normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl, JMoney Archives of sexual behavior, 1975 , The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years, JMoney Journal of sex & marital therapy, 1994 , Ambiguous genitalia with perineoscrotal hypospadias in 46, XY individuals: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome, , TR Brown,SJ Casella, A Maret, KM Ngai, JMoney Pediatrics, 2002, Adult erotosexual status and fetal hormonal masculinization and demasculinization: 46, XX congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia and 46, XY androgen-insensitivity, JMoney, M Schwartz, VG Lewis Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1984 , Apotemnophilia: two cases of selfdemand amputation as a paraphilia, JMoney, R Jobaris, G Furth Journal of Sex Research, 1977, Paraphilias: Phenomenology and classification, JMoney American journal of psychotherapy, 1984, Gender role, gender identity, core gender identity: Usage and definition of terms, JMoney Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 1973, Forensic sexology: Paraphilic serial rape (biastophilia) and lust murder (erotophonophilia), JMoney American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1990, Progestininduced hermaphroditism: IQ and psychosexual identity in a study of ten girls, AA Ehrhardt, JMoney Journal of Sex Research, 1967 . Money suggested that the concept of "threshold"[26] the release or inhibition of sexual (or other) behavior is most useful for sex research as a substitute for any concept of motivation. Why do anti-trans people always cite John Money, like it's proof The acronym, G-I/R, being singular, restores the unity of the concept. In May 2004, David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun at the age of 38. In 1972, Money presented his theories in Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, a college level textbook. positions and motions with his brother. regulated by mutual feedback). John Money: The Origins of Gender Identity - YouTube John Money 19212006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity, David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case, John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies, https://kinseyinstitute.org/collections/archival/john-money.php, ordering surgical sex reassignment on 22-month-old infantDavid Reimer (1967), posing the Reimer twins in simulated sex acts and photographing it, falsifying and covering up the outcome of the case, contributing to the adult suicides of both brothers (Brian in 2002, David in 2004), gender identity (orginally proposed by Robert Stoller in 1964), paraphilia (Krauss 1903; Robinson 1913; Stekel 1930), hormonal and secondary sex characteristics, gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up, devious, demanding and manipulative and incapable of love (1970). difficulty. He said his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are built into the genes so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen". statements about the trauma of his transition, brought attention to Gender Role | Cultural Anthropology | | Course Hero [34][35][32] In Frame's autobiography, An Angel at My Table, Money is referred to as John Forrest.[28]. Column: Does racism make you too stupid to be a cop? Long-term review and clinical implications", "NZ psychologist silent on former patient", "Sex, gender, and identity over the years: a changing perspective", "Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys", The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, "Effeminacy in prepubertal boys. Hope, Law & Order, and Mental. "[37], Money's rationale for his treatment of the children was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play'" "at thrusting movements and copulation" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity". gender reassignment of David Reimer, who was born a biological male To understand masculine and feminine social and political history in the second half of the 20th century, one must first understand the lexical history of the term gender, which did not become an attribute of human beings until 1955 when John Money introduced the concept of gender role to refer to the masculine or feminine presentation of individuals whose genital organs, by reason of birth . In his Rolling Stone interview, Reimer recalled that at July 13, 2006 12 AM PT The Baltimore Sun BALTIMORE Dr. John Money, a leading sex researcher who pioneered the study of gender identity and helped establish Johns Hopkins Hospital as the. Brenda became known as a boy, David Reimer, who later was the subject of the 2000 book As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl, by John Colapinto. But Money's work came decades before the recent headlines. The two names are not gender-coded as male and female as they are in the two names of the tranvsvestophile, nor are the two personalities and the two wardrobes. Science House, New York. Behind the Backlash Against Bud Light's Transgender Influencer volume14,pages 279290 (1985)Cite this article. Reimers description Much of Moneys collection now sits in a gallery in the town of Gore, New Zealand, in a wing named after him. He was married but quickly divorced in the 1950s, and had no children. infancy due to a failed circumcision. interview appeared in the December 1997 issue of Rolling Stone - 144.91.117.156. physician surgically removes the foreskin of the penis. John Money, 84; Doctor Pioneered Study of Gender Identity in 1950s instrument to remove foreskin. This article argues that gender was invented in the 1950s as a new sexual apparatus of biopower. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204551/http://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/education/john-money/bio, Brewington, Kelly (9 July 2006). The Man Who Invented Gender : Engaging the Ideas of John Money New Zealand-American sexologist John Money, a researcher whose work in the 1950s and '60s was considered both brilliant and controversial, in many ways helped shape current attitudes around gender and sexuality. [25] These include pairbondage, troopbondage, abidance, ycleptance, foredoomance, with these coping strategies: adhibition (engagement), inhibition, explication. penis cannot retract, inhibiting regular urination. The New York Times. removed Reimers testes and damaged penis, and constructed a Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. Throughout his childhood, Reimer received annual This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 22:44. But by the time Brenda was a teenager, it became clear that the plan wasnt working. Dr. John Money, a psychologist and sex researcher who coined the terms "gender identity" and "gender role" and was a pioneer in . [48], Money argued that media response to Diamond's expos was due to right-wing media bias and "the antifeminist movement." In his seminal 1955 paper he defined these factors as:[23], and added, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, "Patients showing various combinations and permutations of these six sexual variables may be appraised with respect to a seventh variable: Long-term review and clinical implications. Born in incorrectly recalled the details of his treatment. receiving female hormones, wearing dresses, and having his interests Money introduced numerous definitions related to gender in journal articles in the 1950s, many of them as a result of his studies of intersex morphology. In 1955, the controversial and innovative sexologist John Money first used the term "gender" in a way that we all now take for granted: to describe a human characteristic. Through his analysis, Goldie recovers Moneys brilliance and insight from simplistic dismissals of his work due to his involvement in the tragic David Reimer case, while never losing sight of his flaws. Before, you had male animals and female animals, and that was it, said Dr. Gregory K. Lehne, an assistant professor of medical psychology at Hopkins and a protege of Money. Reimer also became somewhat iconic in popular culture, being In fact, Goldie says, Money did not really believe in two genders as an absolute. People in high places may have the power to keep under cover for a lifetime, with the homosexual manifestations of their bisexuality never exposed. In his studies of intersex people, Money alleged that there are six variables that define sex. A collection of Moneys professional writings is housed at the library of the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University. John Money (1921-2006) was a New Zealand psychologist and sex researcher known for many ethical controversies: the Reimer twins scandal (the "John/Joan case") ordering surgical sex reassignment on 22-month-old infant David Reimer (1967) posing the Reimer twins in simulated sex acts and photographing it Thirty years ago the term gender was borrowed from philology for use in sexological psychology in a paper on hermaphroditism (Money, 1955). But few people know the concept's disturbing origins. successful sex transition. [9] He attended Hutt Valley High School[10] and initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington,[11] graduating with a double master's degree in psychology and education in 1944. Reimer reports that as a child he experienced severe gender Incongruous gender role: nongenital manifestations in prepubertal boys. justification for thousands of sex reassignment surgeries for He was also a patron of many famous New Zealand artists, such as Rita Angus and Theo Schoon.[7]. student in Moneys lab indicated that Reimers parents dishonestly Science has the answer. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Mike Bailey is an ethically-challenged sexologist at Northwestern whose work nearly led to the woes of untold transgender people around the world until his science wasdebunkedand hisacademic misconductexposed. Goldie set out to write his biography to give Money his due and to try to understandMoney, in the context of his work and his era, as a researcher who was at once aheadof his time and very much a product of it. In sequential bisexuality, the transition from homosexual to heterosexual expression is also known to occur autonomously in adulthood. Among adolescents who circumvent homosexual activity or who quit in panic, there are some who coerce themselves into heterosexuality, only to find as husbands and fathers (or wives and mothers, in the case of females) that the lid on Pandoras box springs open. Sex-arbitrary differences are those that are purely conventional: for example, colour selection (baby blue for boys, pink for girls). In Baltimore, he lived within walking distance of the Johns Hopkins medical campus for more than 40 years. (Annie Leibovitz/Vanity Fair) Despite continued challenges transgender people face, the language and discourse of gender and sexual identity are rapidly evolving, especially considering they were. On Reimers case, "[47] Reimer's parents have stated that Money's methodology was responsible for the deaths of both of their sons. Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. 1997, Reimer began speaking publicly about his experiences, He initially did so as part of a framework for understand-ing the phenomenon of human hermaphroditism. According to Money, the genitalia and erotic sexual roles were now, by his definition, to be included under the more general term "gender role" including all the non-genital and non-erotic activities that are defined by the conventions of society to apply to males or to females. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. gender identity and called into question the sex reassignment of His penis was damaged during circumcision and this animal of a doctor convinced his parents to allow doctors to perform a sex~~~~~ hf3f8e3a 992bba08-8399-4bde-ab97 . As originally defined, gender role consists of both introspective and the extraspective manifestations of the concept. Money beganclinical work with people who are intersex or born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy thatdoesn't fit the typical definitions of female or male at Massachusetts GeneralHospital and Harvard Medical School. (1975). Background Pffflin, F. (1985). Tosh, Jemma (25 July 2014). Money felt that a boywithout a penis [would not be believed to be a boy].". He committed suicide in 2004 at the age of 38 after failed investments drove him into poverty. family life was strained by marital problems and employment Reimer was the first documented case of sex reassignment of "Butwhat he did believe was that this world is so incessantly binary in terms of male andfemale that we have to figure out ways to help people deal with that. [39], Despite the pain and turmoil of the brothers, for decades, Money reported on Reimer's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of sex reassignment and surgical reconstruction even in non-intersex cases. the female identity as a young teenager and began living as a male. committed suicide by firearm. [citation needed]. In his early twenties, Reimer Money died Friday at St. Joseph Medical Center in Towson, said Vivienne Stearns-Elliott, a hospital spokeswoman. Request Permissions. At the same time, he played asignificant role in helping transgender people in the early days of medical inventionfind support to live in their affirmed gender. Goldie, a professor of English at York University in Toronto, is the author of the biography TheMan Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money. Born in 1965 as Bruce Reimer, his penis was irreparably damaged during infancy due to a failed circumcision. case. undergo circumcision and his phimosis healed naturally. [40], By the time this deception was discovered, the idea of a purely socially constructed gender identity and infant Intersex medical interventions had become the accepted medical and sociological standard. Money, J. Money also made the century, Money helped establish the views on the psychology of Audience Relations, CBC P.O. methods, honesty in data reporting, and the general ethics of sex scientific demeanor Money presented to their parents. Chicago, Illinois:University of Chicago Press. Sexual dimorphism and dissociation in the psychology of male transsexuals. Arch Sex Behav 14, 279290 (1985). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University Library. Goldie reconsiders Moneys work and influence, paying specific attention to his work on intersex, transsexuality, homosexuality, pornography, and sexual liberation. Reimer These are the people who, when young adulthood advances into midlife, begin the homosexual stage of sequential bisexuality. believe that the John/Joan case demonstrated an unreservedly ashamed of the failure. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political Money, J., and Ehrhardt, A. According to Money's theory, sex-adjunctive differences are typified by the smaller size of females and their problems in moving around while nursing infants. 1990. [37] At 14 years old and in extreme psychological agony, David Reimer was finally told the truth by his parents. Reimer was 15 when he learned his true identity and rejected further treatment as a girl. The truth of sex was no longer found in the genitals or mind, but in the contingent cognitive processes of a behavioral control system. I think it devastated Money, Lehne said. For him, gender included not only one's status as a man or a woman, but was also a matter of personal recognition, social assignment, or legal determination; not only on the basis of one's genitalia but also on the basis of somatic and behavioural criteria that go beyond genital differences. Sex and gender have been partitioned between body and mind, respectively. It was not normally used in the language of social or natural sciences or in sexology until 1955, when John Money adopted the term to serve as an umbrella concept to distinguish femininity, or womanliness, and masculinity, or manliness, from biological sex (male or . [27] In October 1945, after Frame wrote an essay mentioning her thoughts of suicide,[28] John Money convinced Frame to enter the psychiatric ward at Dunedin Public Hospital, where she was misdiagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia.