The rest of the keratinocytes lack cytologic atypia and mature orderly toward the surface. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. Differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia and lichen sclerosus may be found in the adjacent epithelium.37,51. Verrucous carcinoma. Histologic lichenoid features in oral dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. This neoplasm typically Keratinocytes in the spinous layer are markedly enlarged with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and minimal nuclear atypia (Figure 3, B).25,28 Scattered dyskeratotic cells are common.24 An important diagnostic criterion is the absence of koilocytes, which distinguishes it from giant condyloma acuminatum. This supports the hypothesis that plant signaling is required in order to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Article Head Neck Pathol. Why oral histopathology suffers inter-observer variability on grading oral epithelial dysplasia: an attempt to understand the sources of variation. The disseminated form most frequently affects genital skin, particularly the scrotum and the vulva.7375 The lesions are skin-colored or whitish papules with a smooth or verruciform surface, frequently confused with condyloma acuminatum clinically.74,76 Multiple reports have confirmed the absence of HPV in epidermolytic acanthomas,73,76,77 although 1 reported case of scrotal epidermolytic acanthoma tested positive for HPV 16 when using a highly sensitive HPV DNA chip.78 It is possible that HPV was an incidental finding, rather than a pathogenic agent, in this isolated case. Its giant variant (giant condyloma acuminatum of Buschke-Lwenstein) is discussed separately in the next section. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia of the oral cavityapplication of standardized criteria for diagnosis from a consensus report. [18], There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. Endophytic fungi produce many secondary compounds such as alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects. 2019;96:12130. [21], Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. Gonzlez-Moles M, Ruiz-vila I, Gonzlez-Ruiz L, et al. Biopsy shows an endophytic squamous cell proliferation extending to the deep margin. Statistical analysis of inter-rater agreement was provided by Sijia Yue, MS at the University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions Department of Biostatistics. [32], A diazotrophic bacterium isolated in lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) in British Columbia, Canada, is Paenibacillus polymyxa, which may help its host by fixing nitrogen.[33][34][35][36][37][38]. B, Koilocytes containing enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules are found in the granular and upper spinous layers. Unlike lesions infected with high-risk HPV, which are diffusely and strongly positive for p16, condylomas display negative, focal, or patchy staining (Figure 1, D).17,18 When necessary, testing for low-risk HPV (types 6 and 11) by PCR-DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry may also aid in diagnosis.19, Giant condyloma acuminatum is a large, fungating, and locally destructive form of condyloma acuminatum. WebThese findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might Fleiss JL. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. [24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. PubMed Central WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. Familiarization with the clinicopathologic characteristics and HPV status of various anogenital lesions described in this review should allow for more accurate classification and appropriate management of these conditions. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. Bookshelf Seborrheic keratoses that contain human papillomavirus are condylomata acuminata, MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum, P16/CDKN2A and Ki-67 enhance the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma and correlate with human papillomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction, Expression of p16 protein in lesional and perilesional condyloma acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: clinical significance and diagnostic implications, Detecting HPV in cutaneous lesions using anti-HPV antibody immunohistochemistry, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum: trends in epidemiology and management: report of a case and review of the literature, Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions: analysis of 42 cases, Giant condyloma acuminata of the inguinal region, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the scrotum, bilateral groins, and suprapubic region: a treatment and reconstruction challenge, Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma, Anal verrucous carcinoma is not related to infection with human papillomaviruses and should be distinguished from giant condyloma (Buschke-Lwenstein tumour), Rapidly invasive Buschke-Lwenstein tumor associated with human papillomavirus types 6 and 52, Giant condyloma versus verrucous carcinoma: a case report, Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of biofuel. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. B, Higher magnification reveals features of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: cytoplasmic vacuolation, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions in the spinous and granular layers (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 400 [B]). Cabay RJ, Morton TH Jr, Epstein JB. IFK clinically and pathologically resembles other malignant Amongst these are relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma, which are underrecognized by surgical pathologists. On the other hand, bulky squamous epithelial proliferation that expands the epithelial thickness at least three-fold is concerning for developing ED. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 167 cases. 2018;125(6):591602. J Periodontol. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, SPECIAL SECTIONESSENTIAL DERMATOPATHOLOGY FOR THE GENERAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGIST, PART I, GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (BUSCHKE-LWENSTEIN TUMOR), WARTY/WARTY-BASALOID HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA, Molecular Profiling of Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum Reveals, Transcription Factor Immunohistochemistry in the Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Adenoma, Using Pathology Synoptic Reporting Data to Create Individual Dashboards for Pathologists and Surgeons, TRPS1 and GATA3 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma With Apocrine Differentiation, Navigating Practice Issues Related to the Unsatisfactory Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou Test: Survey Results of Laboratories Participating in the 2020 College of American Pathologists PAP Education Program, Updated Salivary Gland Immunohistochemistry: A Review, The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology, The Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Autopsies Surrounding the Time of Pandemic Onset: A Retrospective Review of Cases, MicroRed Blood Cell, Fragmented Red Blood Cell, Platelet Distribution Width, Mean Platelet Volume, and PlateletLarge Cell Ratio on Sysmex XN Series Hematology Analyzers Can Be Used for the Reflex Test of Impedance Platelet Count in Clinical Practice. Web18.2 Endophytic Fungal Diversity. A, This lesion demonstrates verruciform acanthosis and marked hyperkeratosis. and transmitted securely. B, Koilocytosis and cytologic atypia are readily appreciated in this warty squamous cell carcinoma. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Thompson, L.D.R., Fitzpatrick, S.G., Mller, S. et al. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. [28] One group of fungal endophytes are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involving biotrophic Glomeromycota associated with various plant species. [20] The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Montague LJ, Bhattacharyya I, Islam MN, Cohen DM, Fitzpatrick SG. Immunohistochemical staining for the differentiation of subungual keratoacanthoma from subungual squamous cell carcinoma. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM. Compared to condyloma acuminatum, the fibrovascular cores in papillary SCC are more irregular, and the tumor base is ragged (owing to stromal invasion) as opposed to round.37,51 It also differs from condyloma acuminatum and warty/warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms by the absence of koilocytes (Figure 5, B). Bagan JV, Murillo J, Poveda R, et al. Manchanda A, Shetty DC. 2017;30(s1):S5467. Different fractions of Cladosporium sp. Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: and verrucous carcinoma representing a more florid [7] However, recently it was shown that endophytes are transmitted from one generation to another via seeds, in a process called vertical transmission. [59] Several isolates from the ascomycota Pestalotiopsis sp. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. As mentioned above, controversy exists regarding the relationship between verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum. Extraoral lesions are rare and usually arise on the vulva, penis, scrotum, and extremities.88 Most patients present with a solitary lesion, although coexistence of multiple lesions can occur. Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions. Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, et al. 2014;170(5):103947. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Architectural Alterations in Oral Epithelial [59] Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Conclusion: Woo SB. Would you like email updates of new search results? Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [72] Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. However, this view has been challenged by the frequent detection of HPV in giant condylomas but rarely in verrucous carcinomas.24,25 As in ordinary condyloma acuminatum, giant condylomas usually harbor HPV 6 and 11.24 Recurrence rate is high,21 and malignant transformation to invasive SCC has been reported in more than 50% of cases, most commonly in HIV-positive patients.20,21 Not surprisingly, coinfection with high-risk HPV has been demonstrated in carcinoma ex giant condyloma acuminatum.26, The microscopic features of giant condyloma acuminatum are similar to those of its ordinary counterpart except for its large size and more florid excrescences. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Bchamp. Semin Diagn Pathol. Gillenwater AM, Vigneswaran N, Fatani H, Saintigny P, El-Naggar AK. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. 2007;138(5):64151. Although VV (common wart) usually occurs on extragenital skin, it can occasionally arise in the anogenital area and may result in diagnostic confusion with condyloma acuminatum. Condyloma acuminatum. PubMed Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. One such endophyte comes from the Nodulisporium sp. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: recognition and differentiation from conventional leukoplakia and mimics. A few neutrophils are typically present. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The working group then selected 43 single slide biopsy cases for whole slide digital imaging (WSI) review by members of the consensus conference. Bowenoid papulosis is another HPV-associated disease affecting the squamous epithelium. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. Marginal linear gingival leukoplakia progressing to ring around the collaran ominous sign of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. CAS The keratinocytes are crowded and display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and impaired maturation toward the surface (Figure 6, A; inset).54 Scattered apoptotic cells and mitotic figures are present at all levels of the epithelium.60 Some cells in the granular layer may resemble koilocytes. A, A small verrucous papule with marked hyperkeratosis. The endophytes can survive most pesticides and are even resistant to some fungicides, and are very suitable for use in Integrated Pest Management. Endophytic Fungus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Oral Oncol. WebInverted follicular keratosis (IFK) is a rare benign tumor characterized by endophytic growth on the follicular infundibulum. A, A papillomatous lesion with parakeratosis completely filling the spaces between the papillary projections. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. [66] Also, compounds from the marine fungus Nigrospora sp. The most comprehensive study reported 35 cases of penile papillary SCC, most of which occurred on the glans with or without involvement of the coronal sulcus and foreskin.51 The tumors form white-grey, irregular masses with serrated surfaces. Bulky squamous epithelial proliferation with an exophytic and/or endophytic growth pattern (the former often associated with corrugated/verrucous/papillary architecture). [22] In addition, other various physiological pathways were activated upon endophytes interactions with host plants, enabling tighter water control and further water management, which are to be the main reasons behind improved water relations. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. May P. Chan; Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region. A few koilocytes are present in the granular layer (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). 2015;9(7):Zc17-22. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Papillomatous and endophytic squamous proliferation is present with keratin plug, parakeratin, and mild pleomorphism of keratinocytes extending to the base of the biopsy (a). and have shown cytotoxicity against human leukemia (K-562). [11][12], Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. In another experiment Burkholderia bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into yellow lupine; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not statistically significant. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Karabulut A, Reibel J, Therkildsen MH, et al. MeSH The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Head Neck Pathol. ( A) Skin punch biopsy of the erythrodermic reaction. van der Meij EH, Reibel J, Slootweg PJ, et al. No external funding was obtained for this study, with support from institutional review boards and the sponsoring societies. While some authors believe that the 2 are either identical or closely related on a continuous spectrum, accumulating evidence suggests that these are distinct entities. Connolly M, Narayan S, Oxley J, de Berker DA. Cheng YS, Gould A, Kurago Z, Fantasia J, Muller S. Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Clin Exp Dermatol. In-situ means the skin cancer it is an early forming skin cancer and is limited to the upper layers of the skin. Limitations: Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. [The value of laminin-322 staining in distinguishing between keratoacanthoma, keratoacanthoma with areas of squamous cell carcinoma, and crateriform squamous cell carcinoma]. Clinically, these are solitary or coalescent skin-colored papules with a papillomatous surface. Google Scholar. 2015;119(6):67583. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015;120(4):47482. The elongated rete ridges tend to converge toward the center of the lesion (in-toeing) (Figure 7, A). Correct diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like lesions has important clinical implication and entails familiarization with their clinical presentations and histopathologic features. Head Neck Pathol. The many diverse terms used to describe the wide spectrum of changes seen in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) have resulted in disparate clinical management. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. The 14 remaining tumors had more prominent cytologic atypia and remained classified as SCC. PMC There is no evidence of koilocytosis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]).
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